Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development,first published in 1950,described Erikson Stages eight stages a person must go through to be healthy. Each stage is defined by a crisis which either alters or ruins a person’s personality. The theory is based on Freud’s psychosexual stages and also incorporates social influences. Though it has been attacked for its generalizations of the world however,it is an important aspect of the psychological process. It is also useful in reframing how we view middle and late adulthood as active times of personal development,rather than the time to live through.
The first stage of infancy that lasts around 18 months. At this point infants are dependent on their caregivers. They learn to trust their caregivers by watching how they respond to their needs,including feeding and comforting. The quality of the care they receive during this phase has lasting implications for their security as well as their sense of self.
The toddler stage is Erikson’s 2nd stage of psychosocial development and is a period of time that spans from 18 months to 2 years. It is at this point that the child’s confidence in themselves develops. The outcome of success or failure in this process will have an influence on the development of their personality. If a child fails overcome feelings of guilt or doubt at this time,they will endure the struggle throughout their lives. On the other hand,when a child is able to successfully get through this phase,they will be able to develop intimate relationships later on in their lives.
Preschool is the 3rd stage in Erikson’s theory. It is a time period between the ages of 3 and 5 years old. Children of this age are developing their ability to connect with others,as well as an innate sense of self-confidence. Parents and teachers must encourage positive relationships with children during this age. Positive interactions can foster independence in children,as well as provide guidance and assistance. Negative interactions,such as negativity and criticism can damage the self-esteem of children.
The fourth stage in Erikson’s theories is elementary school,which is between the age of 6 and 12. At this point,that children begin to feel pressure from other people like teachers and their peers. It is at this point that a child starts to gain a sense of professionalism or their capacity to work hard toward goals and achievements. Children who are acknowledged for their effort and encouraged by their instructors will develop a sense of confidence and will not be compelled to be compared to others.
At the age of middle-age most people begin to contemplate their mortality. There are people who feel regret about things they have done or failed to do. Someone who overcomes the difficulties of this phase is likely to have a happy and prosperous retirement. If they fail to address these issues,they may experience a mid-life crisis that can result in serious mental health issues.
